Spacelab
Habitable module LM1, Image courtesy T. Richter - click to enlarge
Spacelab was a manned scientific module for the US Space Shuttle. A Memorandum of Understanding signed 24 September 1973 between NASA and the ESA gave Europe the responsibility to fund, design, and build Spacelab.
The Spacelab system has several components: The habitable pressure module, the pallet, the Igloo, the Instrument Point System, and a connecting tunnel.
Pressure Module
Credit: NASA
The Pressure Module was configurable as either a Long Module (LM) or a Short Module (SM). The short configuration was never used. The long version consisted of two 4.1 m diameter aluminum cylinders with conical end pieces. Experiment racks were integrated on the module floor outside the module itse3lf, then slid into one end along support beams. Space above the ceiling and beneath the floor were used for storage. There were two 1.3 m aperatures located on the top. The forward aperature contained a window and the aft aperature had an airlock for exposing experiments to space. Two of the pressure modules were built. LM1 is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. LM2 is on display at the Bremenhalle exibit atop Terminal 3 in the Bremen Airport, Bremen, Germany.
Pallet
Credit: ESA
Pallets were U-shaped and were fully integrated before bing inserted into the payload bay. These pallets proved to be so useful that they were often used on missions not related to Spacelab.
Igloo
Foreground: Igloo, Background: Pallet (Credit: NASA)
On missions were the pressure module was not present, a pressurized Ingloo accomodated experiment avionics. Two Igoos were manufactured. They were 2.4 m high with a diameter of 1.1 m.
Instrument Pointing System
Credit: NASA
The Instrument Pointing System (IPS) provided precision pointing and control of astronomical telescopes. The above photo is from the December 1990 ASTRO-1 mission.
Tunnel
On missions which included a pressure module, a tunnel was connected from one end of the pressure module directly to the shuttle cabin so astronauts could enter in shirt sleeves.
Spacelab-1 in orbit, 1983 (Credit: NASA)
| Shuttle Flight | Launch Date | Mission | Pressurized Module | Unpressurized Modules |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STS-9 | 28 November 1983 | Spacelab-1 | LM1 | 1 Pallet |
| 51-B | 29 April 1985 | Spacelab-3 | LM1 | MPESS |
| 51-F | 29 July 1985 | Spacelab-2 | Igloo | 3 Pallets, IPS |
| 61-A | 30 October 1985 | Spacelab-D1 | LM2 | MPESS |
| STS-35 | 2 December 1990 | ASTRO-1 | Igloo | 2 Pallets, IPS |
| STS-40 | 5 June 1991 | SLS-1 | LM1 | |
| STS-42 | 22 January 1992 | IML-1 | LM2 | |
| STS-45 | 24 March 1992 | ATLAS-1 | Igloo | 2 Pallets |
| STS-50 | 25 June 1992 | USML-1 | LM1 | EDO |
| STS-47 | 12 September 1992 | Spacelab-J | LM2 | |
| STS-56 | 8 April 1993 | ATLAS-2 | Igloo | 1 Pallet |
| STS-55 | 26 April 1993 | Spacelab-D2 | LM1 | USS |
| STS-58 | 18 October 1993 | SLS-2 | LM2 | EDO |
| STS-65 | 8 July 1994 | IML-2 | LM1 | EDO |
| STS-66 | 3 November 1994 | ATLAS-3 | Igloo | 1 Pallet |
| STS-67 | 2 March 1995 | ASTRO-2 | Igloo | 2 Pallets, EDO |
| STYS-71 | 27 June 1995 | Spacelab-Mir | LM2 | |
| STS-73 | 20 October 1995 | USML-2 | LM1 | EDO |
| STS-78 | 20 June 1996 | LMS | LM2 | EDO |
| STS-83 | 4 April 1997 | MSL-1 | LM1 | EDO |
| STS-94 | 1 July 1997 | MSL-1R | LM1 | EDO |
| STS-90 | 17 April 1998 | Neurolab | LM2 | EDO |
ASTRO: Astronomical Observatory
ATLAS: Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science
EDO: Extended Duration Orbiter
IML: International Microgravity Laboratory
IPS: Instrument Pointing System
LM: Long Module
LMS: Life and Microgravity Spacelab
MPESS: Mission Peculiar Experiment Support Structure
MSL: Microgravity Sciences Laboratory
SLS: Spacelab Life Sciences
USML: US Microgravity Laboratory
